The Nordic/Backcountry Program is committed to training patrollers in the essential skills needed for safe and effective travel in backcountry and cross-country environments. This program focuses on building competencies in Outdoor Emergency Care (OEC), Mountain Travel & Rescue (MTR), and Avalanche Awareness, ensuring that patrollers are fully equipped to handle the challenges of winter environments. Additionally, some patrollers may be trained and certified to participate in Search and Rescue (SAR) operations. The program emphasizes problem-solving using the ALAAST framework—Alert, Locate, Access, Assess, Stabilize, Transport—which guides patrollers through the critical steps of a rescue operation. The ultimate goal is to ensure that patrollers can effectively manage any situation, whether it takes an hour or requires an overnight effort, to get the job done and ensure safety.

Program Structure

The Nordic/Backcountry Program is designed with a clear, straightforward structure to support patrollers throughout their training and development. The program is built around the ALAAST framework, which provides a systematic approach to responding to incidents. This structure ensures that patrollers are well-prepared for the complexities of backcountry rescues and can operate effectively in a wide range of environments.

Key Responsibilities

The ALAAST framework is central to the Nordic/Backcountry Program, guiding patrollers through each stage of a rescue operation:

• Alert: This is the critical first step that initiates the entire rescue operation. The alert can come from various sources, such as witnesses, on-duty patrollers, agencies requesting assistance, or the victim themselves. Effective communication is crucial at this stage to trigger the appropriate response. Anyone reporting an incident is considered a potential witness and should be interviewed thoroughly. If possible, these witnesses should be kept available for further information gathering, as their insights can be vital for the success of the operation.
• Locate: Once the alert has been received, the next step is to locate the patient. This can range from being a straightforward task to the most challenging and time-consuming part of the rescue. Locating the patient involves using Search and Rescue (SAR) techniques, map and compass skills, and other navigational tools. Depending on the terrain, weather conditions, and length of the search, various additional skills may be required. Patrollers must be adept at using all available resources to efficiently and accurately find the patient.
• Access: After locating the patient, the patrollers must access them, which may involve overcoming significant obstacles. Sometimes accessing the patient is as simple as walking up to them, but in other cases, it may involve navigating down an embankment or through difficult terrain. This stage often requires the use of ropes, knots, and anchors, as well as a solid understanding of how to utilize these tools in various combinations to ensure safe access. The ability to adapt and use these skills effectively is crucial for the success of the rescue operation.
• Assess: Once the patrollers have reached the patient, a thorough assessment must be conducted using Outdoor Emergency Care (OEC) skills. This patient survey is essential for identifying the patient’s injuries or medical conditions and determining the most appropriate treatment plan. The assessment will also drive the stabilization and transport phases of the operation, as well as determine the urgency of the response. Patrollers are trained to become highly proficient in assessment techniques, as this step is critical to the overall success of the rescue.
• Stabilize: Following the assessment, the patrollers must stabilize the patient, addressing any injuries or medical issues identified. This stage involves continuing to apply OEC training, with additional focus on the potential need for extended care (X-OEC) in challenging weather conditions. Patrollers must be prepared to improvise or fabricate splinting materials and provide shelter, hydration, and nutrition for both themselves and the patient if necessary. The ability to effectively stabilize the patient is crucial for ensuring their safety and preparing them for transport to definitive care.
• Transport: The final stage in the ALAAST framework involves transporting the patient to a location where they can receive definitive care. This step may involve a variety of strategies, depending on factors such as regional preferences, terrain, ground conditions, and time of day. Patrollers receive extensive training on different transport options to ensure that they can effectively move the patient under any circumstances. The transport phase is the culmination of the rescue operation, and its success depends on the patrollers’ ability to execute the previous stages effectively.

Course Details and Prerequisites

The Nordic/Backcountry Program offers a series of courses designed to build and refine the necessary skills for patrollers at different levels. These courses cover a wide range of topics, from basic Nordic skiing techniques to advanced rescue operations. Below is a detailed breakdown of these courses, including their prerequisites and the specific skills they aim to develop.

Basic Program Requirements

The basic requirements for becoming a Nordic/Backcountry patroller ensure that participants have a solid foundation in the essential skills needed for backcountry rescue and emergency care. These requirements include courses and certifications that cover first aid, CPR, transportation, and mountain travel.

• Outdoor Emergency Care (OEC):

   

  OEC is the cornerstone of the National Ski Patrol’s training program. It is designed to prepare patrollers to respond to medical and traumatic emergencies in all environments, with a focus on the unique challenges presented by backcountry and winter conditions.

  Course Content: The OEC course covers a wide range of topics, including patient assessment, injury management, and extended care scenarios. It emphasizes critical thinking and problem-solving, ensuring that patrollers can adapt to the diverse situations they may encounter.

  Requirements: Completion of the OEC course involves reading assignments, written exams, and practical exams to demonstrate proficiency. Additionally, patrollers must participate in an annual OEC refresher to maintain their credentials. The refresher cycle is divided into A, B, and C components, covering the entire curriculum over three years, with core components refreshed annually.

• CPR Certification:

   

  CPR is a vital skill for any patroller, enabling them to respond effectively to cardiac emergencies. The course covers the essential techniques for providing CPR to adults, children, and infants.

  Requirements: Patrollers must obtain CPR certification from a recognized organization, such as the American Red Cross or the American Heart Association. Certification must be maintained through an annual refresher course, ensuring that patrollers are always prepared to perform CPR when needed.

• Outdoor Emergency Transportation (OET):

   

  The OET course, also known as Ski and Toboggan (S&T), focuses on the skills needed for efficient travel and patient transport in backcountry environments. Patrollers learn to navigate various types of terrain using different equipment, such as classic Nordic skis, telemark skis, AT/randonnée skis, and split snowboards.

  Requirements: Patrollers must demonstrate consistent proficiency in handling the specific equipment used by their patrol. This includes not only skiing and tobogganing but also the ability to navigate difficult terrain while carrying an injured person. An annual OET refresher is required to ensure that patrollers maintain these critical skills.

• Mountain Travel & Rescue (MTR) 1:

   

  MTR 1 is an essential course for Nordic/Backcountry patrollers, covering the fundamental skills needed for safe and effective mountain travel. The course includes training in navigation, clothing systems, shelter construction, knots, ropes, anchors, and mechanical advantage.

  Requirements: Completion of MTR 1 is mandatory for all Nordic/Backcountry patrollers. The skills learned in this course are critical for performing SAR operations and managing the challenges of backcountry travel.

• NIMS/ICS Certification:

   

  The National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) are national standards for emergency response coordination. These systems provide a framework for interagency operability and resource management during incidents.

  Requirements: Nordic/Backcountry patrollers are required to complete ICS 100 as a minimum. Additional certifications in ICS 200 and ICS 700 are recommended as time allows, enhancing the patroller’s ability to operate effectively within a structured command system.

• Annual On The Trail Refresher:

   

  Similar to the OEC program, the On The Trail refresher is an annual requirement that ensures patrollers remain current with their skills. The refresher includes a review of the Nordic/Backcountry curriculum, divided into A, B, and C cycles, along with local protocols.

  Requirements: Patrollers must participate in this annual refresher to review and update their skills, ensuring that they are prepared for the upcoming season. The refresher covers everything from equipment use to communication protocols, making sure that all patrollers are on the same page.

Senior Program Requirements

The Senior Program is designed for experienced patrollers who wish to advance their skills and take on leadership roles within the Nordic/Backcountry discipline. This program focuses on refining advanced skills and preparing patrollers for the increased responsibilities that come with senior certification.

• Senior Evaluation Nordic Skiing (SNTT):

   

  This evaluation assesses the advanced Nordic skiing skills required for the senior program. Patrollers are expected to demonstrate a high level of proficiency in various skiing techniques, suitable for navigating challenging terrain under different conditions.

  Requirements: To pass the evaluation, patrollers must perform at NSP level 7-8/10 or PSIA Level 2, demonstrating strong control and adaptability in their skiing abilities.

• Senior Evaluation Nordic Toboggan (SNSTE):

   

  This evaluation focuses on the skills needed to operate a toboggan in Nordic skiing settings. Patrollers are assessed on their ability to handle a toboggan safely and effectively in various conditions, including steep or icy terrain.

  Requirements: Similar to the skiing evaluation, patrollers must demonstrate advanced toboggan handling skills, meeting the high standards required for senior certification.

• Senior Student Nordic Training Clinics (SNCE, SNTE):

   

  These non-credited clinics provide additional training for patrollers looking to improve their Nordic skiing (SNCE) and toboggan handling (SNTE) skills. The clinics offer focused practice and feedback, helping patrollers refine their techniques in preparation for senior evaluations.

  Requirements: Participation in these clinics is voluntary but highly recommended for those pursuing senior certification. The clinics provide valuable opportunities for skill development and peer learning.

• Senior Trainer Evaluator Clinic (STEN):

   

  This clinic is designed for those who will be evaluating patrollers in the senior program. It provides training on how to effectively assess and guide patrollers through their evaluations, ensuring consistency and fairness in the process.

  Requirements: Attendance is recommended for patrollers who wish to become evaluators, as it provides the tools and knowledge needed to perform this role effectively.

• Nordic Master (NMAS):

   

  The Nordic Master course represents the highest level of certification within the Nordic/Backcountry discipline. It is designed for patrollers who have mastered all aspects of the program and are ready to take on the most challenging rescues and leadership roles.

  Requirements: Completion of this course certifies patrollers as a Nordic Master, indicating their advanced proficiency and leadership capabilities within the program.

• Instructor Continuing Education – Nordic:

   

  This course is aimed at instructors within the Nordic/Backcountry program, providing ongoing education to ensure they stay current with the latest techniques, standards, and instructional methods.

  Requirements: Instructors are encouraged to participate in continuing education regularly to maintain and enhance their teaching skills, ensuring that they can effectively train the next generation of patrollers.

Skill Sets and Elements

The Nordic/Backcountry Program emphasizes the development of specific skill sets and elements that are critical for effective backcountry rescue operations. These skills are divided into broader categories (skill sets) and more specific competencies (elements), each of which patrollers must master to be successful.

Skill Sets:

• Navigation:

   

  Description: Navigation skills are crucial for patrollers, as they must be able to find their way in difficult and often treacherous terrain. This skill set includes map reading, compass use, and GPS navigation.

  Components:

  • Map & Compass – Basic: Understanding how to read and orient a topographic map, set declination, and follow a bearing.
  • Grid Coordinates – Intermediate: Using UTM, Latitude/Longitude, and National Grid System for precise location identification.
  • GPS Use: Setting datums, entering waypoints, and utilizing the “go to” function for effective navigation.
• Search and Rescue (SAR):

   

  Description: SAR skills are essential for locating and rescuing patients in the backcountry. This skill set covers planning and executing search operations using various techniques and tools.

  Components:

  • SAR Planning: Understanding and implementing a search plan specific to the patrol area.
  • Local SAR Knowledge: Familiarity with local SAR systems, incident command structures, and mutual aid agreements.
• Rescue Techniques:

   

  Description: Rescue skills are necessary for accessing and stabilizing patients, often in difficult conditions. This skill set includes the use of ropes, knots, anchors, and toboggans.

  Components:

  • Patient Access and Security: Utilizing ski anchors, harnesses, and belays to safely reach and secure patients.
  • Emergency Toboggan Construction: Building and operating an emergency toboggan for patient transport.
  • Helicopter Protocols: Preparing landing zones and assisting with helicopter operations.
• Medical Skills:

   

  Description: Medical skills are crucial for assessing and treating patients in the field. This skill set includes basic and advanced first aid, as well as the ability to provide extended care in remote settings.

  Components:

  • Improvised Medical Techniques: Using available materials to create splints and other medical aids.
  • Hypothermia and Frostbite Treatment: Recognizing and managing cold-related injuries.
• Survival Skills:

   

  Description: Survival skills ensure that patrollers can sustain themselves and their patients in challenging environments. This skill set includes fire building, shelter construction, and overnight survival strategies.

  Components:

  • Fire Building: Collecting fuel, starting a fire on snow, and maintaining it for heat and water.
  • Shelter Construction: Building both expedient and long-term shelters using available materials.
• Avalanche Skills:

   

  Description: Avalanche skills are critical for patrollers operating in areas with avalanche risk. This skill set includes both preventative measures and response techniques.

  Components:

  • Avalanche Awareness and Response: Completing AVY Level 1 Mod 1 training, with advanced training as appropriate for the patrol area.
• Advanced Rope Rescue:

   

  Description: Advanced rope rescue skills are required for complex extrications and rescues in steep or technical terrain. This skill set covers full raising and lowering systems with belay backups.

  Components:

  • Z-Pulley and Lowering Systems: Proficiency in using advanced rope systems to safely move patients.

Skill Elements:

The skill elements are the specific tasks and techniques that make up each skill set. These elements require practice and mastery to be effectively integrated into rescue operations. Some examples include:

• Set Declination on Compass: A basic navigation task that is fundamental for accurate map reading.
• Tie Knots (e.g., Figure-8, Prusik, Water Knot): Essential for secure rope work in rescue situations.
• Build a Fire on Snow: A survival skill that provides heat and drinking water in cold environments.
• Construct an Emergency Toboggan: A critical rescue skill for transporting patients over snow.

Training and Sign-Off Process

Patrollers are required to maintain a record of their training progress, with instructors signing off on each skill as it is mastered. This process ensures that both the patroller and their instructors are aware of their readiness for field operations. The training record serves as a valuable tool for tracking progress and identifying areas where additional practice may be needed.

The Nordic/Backcountry Program is a comprehensive and rigorous training program designed to prepare patrollers for the challenges of backcountry rescue and emergency care. The program provides a structured path for patrollers to develop the necessary skills, from basic proficiency to advanced leadership capabilities. Whether at the basic level or pursuing senior certification, patrollers are supported by a robust training regimen that ensures they are well-prepared for any situation they may encounter in the field. Through continuous practice, evaluation, and refinement, patrollers in the Nordic/Backcountry Program are equipped to provide exceptional service and safety in the most challenging environments.